MONSOON IN INDIA
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The seasonal reversal of winds and the associated rainfall. This word is derived from the
Arabic word “Mausim”. The annual oscillation in the apparent position of the Sun between
the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn causes the annual oscillation in the position of the
thermal equator (region of maximum heating) on the Earth’s surface. This is associated
with the annual oscillation of temperature, pressure, wind, cloudiness, rain etc. This is the
cause of the monsoons. On the Earth’s surface, there are asymmetries of land and
Ocean. The differential heating of land and Ocean cause variations in the intensity of the
annual oscillation of the thermal equator and hence regional variations in the intensity of
monsoon. The southwesterly wind flow occurring over most parts of India and Indian
Seas gives rise to southwest monsoon over India from June to September
FACTS AND FIGURES
EI NINO
The oceanic atmospheric phenomenon wherein waters in the equatorial Pacific warm up abnormally due to weakening of trade winds is termed as El Nino.El Nino, means ‘little boy’ in Spanish. It is a weather system which re-emerges after a gap of about two to five years in the Pacific Ocean and its effects last for about 12 months on an average.
El Nino leads to warming of sea surface temperatures, which in turn affects wind patterns and triggers both floods and droughts in different parts of the world.
El NINO AND INDIAN MONSOON
This phenomenon affects rainfall in India during the Monsoon months. Trade winds normally blow westward from South America towards Asia during Indian monsoon months. Warming of the Pacific results in weakening of these winds. Moisture and the heat content thereby, gets limited and results in reduction and uneven distribution of rainfall across the Indian sub-continent.
LA NINA
La Nina means The Little Girl in Spanish. La Nina is also sometimes called “a cold event.”La Nina episodes represent periods of below-average sea surface temperatures across the east-central Equatorial Pacific. Global climate La Nina impacts tend to be opposite those of El Nino impacts.
El Nino and La Nina are opposite phases of what is known as the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle.
CLOUDS
Clouds are aggregate of very small water droplets, ice crystals, or a mixture of both, with
its base above the earth’s surface. A classification is made in level – high, medium, or low – at which the various cloud genera are usually encountered. In temperate regions the approximate limits are high, (16500 – 45000 ft); medium, 27 km (6500 –23000 ft); low, 02 km (0 – 6500 ft).
The high clouds are Cirrus (Ci), Cirrocumulus (Cc),Cirrostratus (Cs).
The medium clouds are Altocumulus (Ac), Altostratus (As) (the latter often extending higher) and Nimbostratus (Ns) (usually extending both higher and lower);
The low clouds are Stratocumulus (Sc), Stratus (St), Cumulus (Cu), and Cumulonimbus(Cb).
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